Revisiting EFSA@EXPO: beyond animal testing – reinventing chemical assessment

Beyond animal testing: the frontiers of predictive toxicology

Keynote speaker Thomas Hartung, of John Hopkins University, made no bones about the issue: “Animal testing is not good enough,” he said. Complementing and gradually replacing this mainstay of traditional toxicological testing will not be easy but Prof Hartung mapped out some of the challenges and novel approaches emerging for assessing chemical hazards.

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Alternative and integrated testing strategies 

Germany boasts one of the world’s first regulatory bodies for alternatives to animal testing (ZEBET) and Horst Spielmann, recently retired from Freie Universitat, Berlin, was its head until recently. An experienced scientific researcher and regulator, Prof. Spielmann detailed how integrated testing strategies that combine in vitro Метод на проучване, който включва тестване на клетки или тъкани, извлечени от живи организми. (testing of cells or tissues, not whole animals) with previously performed in vivo Метод на проучване, който включва тестване с отделни живи животни или популации на живи животни. (tests on animals or humans) is already a reality for cosmetics regulation.

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Managing toxicological knowledge, information and data

The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept provides a framework for managing our knowledge of the mode of action of compounds that helps to weed out causality from the mass of available information. Ellen Fritsche of Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Germany, presented and put forward the AOP for positioning toxicity data generated by alternative methods in a regulatory context.

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Predictive toxicology: in vitro data and in silico models

The European Commission’s Joint Research Centre is leading Europe’s efforts to replace in vivo repeated dose systemic toxicity testing. Its SEURAT project, explained Elisabet Berggren, aims to devise a toxicological mode-of-action framework to describe how any substance may adversely affect human health, and to use this knowledge to develop complementary theoretical, computational and experimental (in vitro) models for safety assessments.

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Simulating chemical effects

Computer simulations are being extensively used as support to human experts in evaluating chemical effects, explained Emilio Benfenati from Italy’s Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri. Computer processing power can perform quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses that integrated multiple approaches.

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A toxicological compound library

Scientific agencies in the US are working together to develop innovative approaches to characterise pathways of toxicity in chemical testing. Raymond Tice, of the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), shed considerable light on the Tox21 Program. A vast toxicological compound library is being used as a source of information for predicting the likely responses of organisms when exposed to an array of chemicals, mainly used in pesticides. Presentation

“Lung-on-chip” generating human relevant data

Remi Villenave, from Emulate in the US, is using organs-on-chips technology to better understand mechanisms of diseases, study host pathogen interaction and test new therapeutics. These 3D microfluidic cell chips reproduce living tissue and are already being used to simulate biological behaviour and generate data for testing medicines.

Promising developments but further work is needed

The speakers agreed that 3D cultures are evolving and promising, but the level of standardisation needs to be carefully considered to avoid additional uncertainty in their future uses. Large institutional databases will improve and increase the availability of data, and the transition to alternative testing methods needs to proceed faster. Enhanced dialogue and collaboration between regulators, academia and data providers (e.g. companies, laboratories) is crucial.

Moderated Panel Discussion