The available information on the biology of Aleurocanthus spp. is primarily based on A. spiniferus and A. woglumi, which are very similar (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018). Fewer data are available for A. citriperdus, but it is believed that all species of Aleurocanthus have broadly similar habits (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018). As for all Aleyrodidae, species within the genus Aleurocanthus have three developmental stages: egg, nymph (four instars, the last usually known as pupa) and adult (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018). Adults are winged, emerge in spring, are facultative parthenogenetic, and start laying batches of a variable number of eggs in a characteristic spiral on the underside of young leaves (CABI, 2022b; Nguyen, 2022; EPPO, 2024a,b). The first instars are active and disperse over a short distance, avoiding strong sunlight and generally settling in a dense colony of up to several hundred on the undersides of young leaves (Dubey and Ko, 2012; CABI, 2022a,b; Nguyen, 2022; EPPO, 2024a,b). Older immature instars are attached to the leaf by their mouthparts (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018). All instars feed on phloem sap, except for the pupa, which is a resting non-feeding phase (CABI, 2022b). The infestation occurs mainly on the lower part of the tree, mostly on the leaves (EPPO, 2002a,b , 2020b). Aleurocanthus spiniferus has also been reported on fruit post-harvest, but this is probably due to the presence of the insect on the leaves attached to the fruit peduncle (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018). The duration of the life cycle and the number of generations per year are greatly influenced by the prevailing climate (Gyeltshen et al., 2017). The life cycle takes 2–4 months and can develop 3–6 generations per year (multivoltinism) (CABI, 2022b). In tropical and subtropical climates, there may be continuous overlapping generations with slowed development during short, cold periods (Hodges and Evans, 2005). The life cycle of A. woglumi in southern Africa takes between 6 and 12 weeks depending on temperature, resulting in 5–6 generations per year (Bedford, 1998). Optimal development occurs at 28–32°C and 70–80% relative humidity. Aleurocanthus woglumi has been shown to not survive at temperatures below freezing or exceeding 43°C (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018). The lower threshold for development for A. woglumi is 13.7°C and the cumulative degree-days to complete one generation are approximately 981 (Dowell and Fitzpatrick, 1978; Akrivou et al., 2021). In Asia, A. spiniferus has been shown to overwinter as egg, nymph and pupa on evergreen plants (Akato, 1970; Liu et al., 2023; EPPO, 2024a).